Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that permanently scars of the liver causing it to malfunction.
Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B infection.
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF THE HAPETITIS B VIRAL INFECTION?
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B range from mild to severe. They usually appear about one to four months after you've been infected, although you could see them as early as two weeks post-infection. Some people, usually young children, may not have any symptoms.
Hepatitis B signs and symptoms may include:
- Abdominal Pain
- Dark Urine
- Fever
- Joint Pain
- Loss of Appetite
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Weakness and Fatigue
- Yellowing of Your Skin and The Whites Of Your Eyes (Jaundice)
When To See a Doctor?
If you know you've been exposed to hepatitis B, contact your doctor immediately. A preventive treatment may reduce your risk of infection if you receive the treatment within 24 hours of exposure to the virus.
If you think you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis B, contact your doctor.
Common Causes Of Hapetitis B
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
Common ways that HBV can spread are:
- Sexual Contact. You may get hepatitis B if you have unprotected sex with someone who is infected. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body.
- Sharing of Needles or Sharp Objects. HBV easily spreads through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing IV drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of contracting hepatitis B.
- Accidental Needle Sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
- Mother to Child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to avoid getting infected in almost all cases. Talk to your doctor about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.
Acute vs. Chronic Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic).
- Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear acute hepatitis B from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Most people who get hepatitis B as adults have an acute infection, but it can lead to chronic infection when not dealt with promptly.
- Chronic Hepatitis B Infection lasts six months or longer. It lingers because your immune system can't fight off the infection. Chronic hepatitis B infection may last a lifetime, possibly leading to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The younger you are when you get hepatitis B — particularly newborns or children younger than 5 — the higher your risk of the infection becoming chronic. Chronic infection may go undetected for decades until a person becomes seriously ill from liver disease.
Common Risk factors
Hepatitis B spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk of hepatitis B infection increases if you:
- Have unprotected sex with multiple sex partners or with someone who's infected with HBV
- Share needles during IV drug use
- Are a man who has sex with other men
- Live with someone who has a chronic HBV infection
- Are an infant born to an infected mother
- Have a job that exposes you to human blood
- Travel to regions with high infection rates of HBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Complications
Having a chronic HBV infection can lead to serious complications, such as:
- Scarring of The Liver (cirrhosis). The inflammation associated with a hepatitis B infection can lead to extensive liver scarring (cirrhosis), which may impair the liver's ability to function.
- Liver Cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B infection have an increased risk of liver cancer.
- Liver Failure. Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that occurs, a liver transplant is necessary to sustain life.
- Other Conditions. People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.
Prevention
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as three or four injections over six months. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for:
- Newborns
- Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth
- Those who work or live in a center for people who are developmentally disabled
- People who live with someone who has hepatitis B
- Health care workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood
- Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, including HIV
- Men who have sex with men
- People who have multiple sexual partners
- Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B
- People who inject illegal drugs or share needles and syringes
- People with chronic liver disease
- People with end-stage kidney disease
- Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a high hepatitis B infection rate
The Role Of The Liver
Often compared to a chemical factory, the liver is one of the largest internal organs. In adults, it weighs from 1 kg to 1.5 kg. It is just under the rib cage, on the right side of the body. The liver transforms and stores (in part) the nutrients from the intestines. When needed, the body uses these substances. The liver also helps keep blood sugar stable.
Toxic substances (Found in Alcohol, Certain Prescription Drugs, Harmful Food Substances, etc.) that are ingested also pass through the liver. The liver then breaks them down and then rejects them in the intestine through the bile, or it returns them to the blood.
COMMON TYPES OF HEPATITIS VIRAL INFECTIONS
1- Hepatitis A.
First, it is the least serious of viral hepatitis. Usually, the body fights it in a few weeks and remains immune for life. This means that antibodies to the virus are present, but that the virus itself is no longer there. The hepatitis A virus is spread through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. But it can also be present in the stool of an infected person and contaminate the food, water, or hands of another person. Raw or undercooked foods are the most likely to spread the infection. However, the virus is also transmitted through seafood harvested in areas where untreated sewage is discharged. The risk of transmission is therefore great in countries where hygienic conditions are poor. A vaccine helps protect against it.
2- Hepatitis B.
It is the most common type of hepatitis in the world, and also the most deadly. The hepatitis B virus is transmitted during sexual intercourse (sperm and other body fluids) and through the blood. It is 50 to 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Exchanging contaminated syringes can cause transmission. But the vast majority of infected people manage to completely fight the infection. However, around 5% remain chronically infected and are said to be “carriers” of the virus. Carriers have no symptoms but are at risk of cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer, which is life-threatening diseases. A surrogate mother can transmit the virus to her child during childbirth.
3- Hepatitis C.
It is a very resistant virus. Up to 80% of hepatitis C virus infections become chronic. The identification of the latter is relatively recent: it dates from 1989. However, the virus is most often transmitted by direct contact with contaminated human blood. Most of the time by exchanging syringes for injecting drugs, transfusion of blood that has not been screened, and re-using non-sterile needles and syringes. More rarely, it contracts during unprotected sex with infected people, especially if blood is exchanged (menstruation, injuries in the genital or anal tract). It is also the leading cause of liver transplantation. There is no vaccine to protect against it. Women of childbearing age with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are more likely to miscarry, suffer from infertility, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia.
4- Toxic Hepatitis
It is most often caused by alcohol abuse or by the consumption of drugs. Depending on the substance ingested, toxic hepatitis can occur hours, days, or months after exposure. Usually, the symptoms subside when you stop being exposed to the harmful substance. However, one can suffer permanent liver damage and suffering, for example, from cirrhosis.
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